Impacts of Technology on Civil Liberties

Impacts of Technology on Civil Liberties The Impact of the Widespread Use of Information and Communication Technologies on Civil Liberties Abstract Advances in information and communication technologies have presented new opportunities and problems for the society. The opportunities that have become obvious with regard to the application of these technologies include meeting the changing demands of the public for enhanced service delivery, an ability to communicate instantaneously over vast distances and being able to store or retrieve vast amounts of information as well as being able to interact with a large number of individuals or organisations by providing them with information over the internet etc. However, these new developments often leave the public sector actors confused because they are often bound by legacy values and outdated socio – economic morality. As democratic societies debate the ethics of the new situation with which they have been confronted, a potential exists for the occurrence of a large number of cases involving a serious misunderstanding of computers and computer based communication with implica tions for civil liberties in a society. Such misunderstandings can mean that a large number of individuals may have their privacy encroached upon, their computing equipment seized and their lives hampered for no real reason. Although governments do have a duty to ensure that various actors are not indulging in activities that are harmful to the society as a whole or to members of a society, it is also important that innocent individuals are not maligned. Information and communication technologies have placed an awesome power in the hands of those who have the imagination to dream up new uses for such technologies and lawmakers have to some how balance the rights of the individuals and those of the society as a whole. This brief essay takes a look at some of the implications of the widespread use of information and communications technologies on civil liberties. Contents (Jump to) Introduction Advances in Technology Provide a Wider Range of Options on Civil Liberties Conclusions Bibliography/References   Introduction Civil liberties refer to the freedoms that are enjoyed by the citizens of a state without interference from governments. Examples of civil liberties include freedom of assembly, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, right to privacy, right to self defence and the right of due process in law as well as the right to a fair trial by a competent court (Wikipedia, 2006, Civil Liberties). The previously mentioned freedoms and rights are usually granted to citizens by virtue of legal enactments that have been written into the laws of a country, including its constitution. The constitutions of various states provide a varying degree of emphasis to civil liberties that can be enjoyed by citizens, but nearly all countries of the world today do offer some degree of protection against interference by a government or others in the lives of a private citizen. As an example, the Australian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion, the South Korean Constitution requires that the government prot ect the privacy as well as dignity of its citizens and the Constitution of the United States of America, through the first ten amendments that are called the Bill of Rights, requires that the government guarantee freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly, freedom of religious worship, the right to bear arms, prevent search and seizure without just cause, cruel and unusual punishment and self incrimination as well as ensuring that a citizen is provided the rights to due process and a fair trial by an impartial jury. Any powers related to civil liberties or human rights that have not been explicitly granted to the Federal government in the United States Constitution are reserved by the citizens or the States of the Union. Although the United Kingdom lacks a codified constitution, this country along with many European countries are signatories to the European Convention on Human Rights, which stipulates the standards related to civil liberties and human rights in Europe an countries that are signatory to this instrument. The Human Rights Act of the United Kingdom has been the vehicle for incorporation of many of the European Convention rights into United Kingdom law (Answers.com, 2006, â€Å"Civil Liberties†). Thus, many counties around the world have laws that extend guarantees associated with civil liberties to its citizens. Proliferation of computers, information technology and communications in the present pervasive computing age has made it very convenient to maintain records related to persons and to indulge in surveillance as well as identification of individuals. Maintaining detailed records about all aspects of an individual’s private life, rapid searching and retrieval of information related to an individual, tapping of phone conversations and identification of suspicious communications from keywords as well as relatively foolproof identification of individuals from fingerprints or other biometric signatures such as dental records, DNA or the unique patterns of the iris and the transmission of very detailed records over vast distances in an instant are now quite possible (Akdeniz, 2001, Pp. 1 – 10), (Ashbourn, 2006, Pp. 1 – 20) and (Hassan, 2004, Pp. 1 – 7). It is, therefore, possible for a state or other vested interests to defame and abuse or try to take advantage of individuals as well as to deny them opportunities or to malign them in many ways through the power of information that can be manipulated by technology. This brief essay takes a look at the impact of the widespread use of information and communication technologies on civil liberties in a society. Advances in Technology Provide a Wider Range of Options on Civil Liberties Whereas the menace of international terror and the activities associated with organised crime have meant that governments do have a duty to be vigilant about the safety and security of its citizens and the nation, it is also important that a state, its functionaries or other powerful or mischievous interests in a society desist, or be prevented from undue interference in the private activities of an individual (Greenberg, 2004, Pp. 165 – 168). Such interference may have an appeal for many who may want to try and take undue advantage of information about a citizen that can be readily gathered, stored, transmitted and analysed using the new information and communication technologies. However, technology not only provides a potential for abuse, but it also provides benefits and enhanced safety for all in a society (Campbell, 1998, â€Å"The Social Impact of New Communications Technologies†). Thus, the advent of technology has given a society and individual members of a soc iety a greater power and a lot more options about what can be done to gather detailed information about an individual and to use such information in a number of ways by making it known to others. However, protecting civil liberties requires that such powers be controlled and that the gathering or release of information about individuals be restrained, unless sanctioned by competent and responsible members of a society in the wider interests of other members of the society, so that an individual is not unduly disadvantaged, threatened, abused or taken advantage of by the state or other vested interests in the society. The protection of civil liberties is essential for the evolution and development of an individual’s personality as well as for the protection of any advantages that may have been made available to an individual through their ingenuity, hard work, force of circumstance, manipulations by nature or as a result of a gift from the Divine (Tabata, 2006, Pp. 10 – 20 and 79 – 80), (De Boni, 2001, Pp. 1 – 3) and (Hutson, 2005, Pp. 7). However, it is equally important to safeguard the interests of all members of a society so that the activities of individuals or a group of individuals do not have a destructive impact on others (Lau, 2002, Pp. 1 – 3). Technology has, therefore, provided a greater number of options to a society about the values that it may want to maintain. It is obvious that advances in technology do make it possible for the government of a nation, or other vested interests, such as private telecommunication companies or ISP providers etc, to take advantage of these advances in order to either liberate or to oppress the masses. Thus, the society is presented with choices and depending on what the interested powers want, a balance is struck between what may amount to oppression and what may be considered to be the legitimate authority of the state or others to protect their interests. Debates about civil liberties have always been carried out in democratic societies, even though such debates may have been discouraged or censored in the more authoritarian countries (American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU, 2000, â€Å"Letter to the Senate on Legislation to Increase Law Enforcement Electronic Surveillance†). The more advanced nations have attempted to promote universal standards associated with civil liberties and human rights, but de spite such efforts, what is acceptable as public law varies from one country to the other (Statewatch, 2006, â€Å"Current Lead Stories†). A dictatorial regime in a third world country will not feel any remorse about using all the technology at its disposal to neutralise its opponents or to repress the masses. However, in the more developed world, civil rights groups, public interest groups, the judiciary, business interests and various branches of the government come to some sort of an agreement about how the civil liberties of citizens ought to be protected and what can be considered to be acceptable conduct on the part of the government and other interests. Certainly, the widespread use of information and communications technologies has provided greater opportunities to abuse the civil rights of individuals (Taylor, 2001, â€Å"The Council of Europe Cyber crime Convention: a civil liberties perspective†). However, the previously mentioned technologies can also be us ed to safeguard civil liberties, educate the masses and provide better service to the community. In the United Kingdom, a very substantial increase in the number of phone tapping warrants has been observed in recent years and although this can be attributed to the war against global terrorism and organised crime, it has to be appreciated that no one can intercept private communications in the United Kingdom without a judicial warrant (Akdinez, 2001, Pp. 1 – 5). Disclosure of any data that is considered to be private is also an offence against the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. Although the use of covert human intelligence gathering about suspects is not illegal under the previously mentioned Act, such activities can be challenged under the Human Rights Act. Thus, the British and European societies in general have placed a reasonably high value on the protection of civil liberties and human rights in matters that are associated with the proliferation of information and communication technologies. In the lesser developed nations, such high standards are less l ikely to be maintained (Waters, 1997, â€Å"Telecommunications interception — extending the reach or maintaining the status quo?†). Surveillance is not just limited to law enforcement authorities, but in the United States such activities may also be carried out by an employer or others with a vested interest, without the consent of an employee or the individual (National Science Foundation, 1998, â€Å"Privacy Issues†) and (Hutson, 2005, Pp. 7). Apart from an enhanced threat of surveillance or monitoring and threats to an individual’s privacy, advances in technology have also produced new problems related to what can be done to prevent interested parties from violating the human rights of others. The awesome power of the internet makes it possible to libel anyone anonymously by writing messages about them as web content. Also, any information that ever makes it to the web can be readily copied and distributed all over the world (Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2006, â€Å"Free Speech†). In addition to activities that are designed to bring persons into disrepute, it is also necessary to control the so called investment companies, online gambling websites and the High Yield Investment Pools that seem to regularly rip off individuals by tantalising them with huge returns on their investment of E-Gold or other similar electronic currency (Pokerpulse.com, 2006, â€Å"Internet gambling and the Patriot Act†). D espite warnings about financial scams that are posted on law enforcement websites by governments of the so called developed world, it appears that the regulators of the World Wide Web have little interest in ensuring that any web content is not fraudulent. It also appears that law enforcement agencies, even in the developed countries, are unable or unwilling to locate financial scam websites despite these being registered by authorised web registrants (Goldpoll.com, 2006, â€Å"HYIP Ratings†). Not a single HYIP has ever delivered anything resembling the investment that an unsuspecting individual makes as a payback, yet these websites are operating with great impunity under the very noses of the global law enforcement agencies and regulators of the World Wide Web. Surely, civil liberties which include freedom of speech and freedom to engage in commerce do not extend to activities that are harmful to other members of the community. However, it has been observed that governments of the great democratic nations are willing to do precious little to regulate financial scams on the web, even though they have tried to control what can be posted on the web (Center for Democracy and Technology, 2006, â€Å"Reports and Articles CDT Sends Letter Opposing Mandatory Labelling†). Thus, many new problems with a potential to damage members of a society by persons or groups with a vested interest have been created by advances in information and communication technologies. Although issues related to these new problems are being debated within societies and legislation is being gradually introduced to regulate new technologies, the process seems to be too slow and cumbersome to protect many who have already been victimised. Because of the global nature of the World Wide Web and the global reach of information and communication technologies, global cooperation is essential to regulate these new technologies in an ethical manner (Brosseau, 2002, Pp. 24 – 32). However, despite a dire need for cooperation, practical results have been exceedingly slow in materialising. Conclusions From the previous discussion it can be concluded that the widespread use of information and communication technologies has created new opportunities as well as new dangers for the protection of civil liberties and human rights. Technology offers power which can be used to do good or to do evil and societies around the world are grappling with the issues of just how to balance civil liberties in relation to protecting the broader interests of the society at large and those of its other members. 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The Rocking-Horse Winner by D.H. Lawerence :: The Rocking-Horse Winner, D.H. Lawerence

"The Rocking-Horse Winner" by D.H. Lawerence talks about a family who lived in style, but always had anxiety in their house. There was never enough money. The parents knew the children were growing up and they would need money to send their children to school. The house came to be haunted with the phrase: There must be more money! There must be more money! The children could here it aloud but never dared to say it. The mother believed they were poor due to the fact her husband had no luck. One day the boy asked his mother what luck really was. She replied,"It's what causes you to have money. If you are lucky you have money. That's why it it's better to be rich. If you're rich you may lose your money. But if your lucky, you will always get more money." The boy told his mother he had luck. The boy knew she did not beleive him and this started the boy on his journey with the rocking horse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rocking horse gave luck, which is exactly what the boy, Paul, needed. Only Paul at first could hear the real truth from his rocking horse. The rocking horse would tell Paul who the winner of the race would be. Paul and his uncle Oscar used this information to gamble on horss and were able to win piles of money. This money he gave anomously to his mother to use for anything that was needed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was one night that Paul was riding his horse at full speed when suddenly a blaze of light hit him up. He screamed, "Malabar!" Then he fell off with a crash that would put him into unconsciousness; he never did recover from that fall. He died later that night. Paul needed his rocking horse, without it he would never have felt that luck.

Different Ways To Learn From Reading To Writing

It is frequently said that the western can talk many linguistic communications and frequently there is a phrase that states the myth of monolinguals in the West. The world is non needfully true as the category I am in is able to talk over 30 three linguistic communications. The Salverda article refersuser2010-10-21T21:55:00 Referee that London itself can talk over 300 different linguistic communications, which renders the position of monolinguals. A bilingual individual is a individual who can talk less than two or more linguistic communications and a individual who can talk more than two are called monolingual. I can talk English, Gujarati, Hindi and French. For this instance analyze English and Guajarati will be L1 and L2. Bing a individual who has the chance to larn more than two linguistic communications has taught me how I have learnt my linguistic communication and how good I look after them. For this instance survey I will explicate societal and political content bon linguistic communication acquisition and the instruction experiences that I had turning up. I will besides speak about theories and codification commixture and shift. Peoples get linguistic communications throughout different ways, some learn from schools, some from get marrieding into a different civilization or some through migrations. I was taught from my parents who migrated from India. The manner that I can remember is, L1 was taught at school and L2 was taught at place and Saturday school. Learning L1 was rather difficult compared to L2, as I believe that with L2 there was more focal point on me larning that much more rapidly as my Dendranthema grandifloruom could non talk L1 rather good. Using this I will be able to concentrate on certain theories that may be able to assist how the linguistic communication. During the period of 1960 ‘s there was a cardinal development on how kids get linguistic communication. It was done by Peal and Lambert. There survey showed that the survey clearly demonstrated the advantages that accrue to bilinguals in certain countries of cognitive ability. If it was non for Peal and Lambert 1960, as a discovery, theoreticians were able to understand that kids needed to be balanced in linguistic communications to assist them with their cognitive development. With this, people were able to understand how kids learnt linguistic communications and assist teacher to learn the kids. Because of the methods founded, I believe that it has assist me to understand that when I was larning at that place were different paths that instructors taught us to assist me understand linguistic communications and without cognizing some of this methods were taught at place every bit good. But what defined a balanced bilingual? This was a individual with equal proficiency, high or low in two linguistic communications. ‘Native like control of both linguistic communications ‘ ( Baker 2001 ) given the nature of linguistic communications it is non possible to be balanced for a period of clip. However, usage of two or more linguistic communications may be in balanced give the fortunes. The CUP ( Common Underlying Proficiency theoretical account ) which was developed by Cummins in 1980 was a great development for the apprehension for linguistic communication development. To summarize this method is that the both linguistic communications operate at the same clip, intending that when I was larning my linguistic communications, the development of L1 was weaker compared to L2. ( Baker 2001 p170 ) explains that one ground could be that if one or more linguistic communications are non working to the full knowledge and academic public presentation could be affected. In my instance, this was true, as I seem to hold more hard in larning English even though it was meant to be my first linguistic communication compared to my place linguistic communication which was L2. Another method that I remember larning was through sounds and ocular cues which really goes into the BICS. This is Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills ; ( Baker 2001 pp,174 ) defines this as the insouciant criterion for communicating, where its context is embed on the rudimentss of utilizing ocular cues and non- verbal agencies of communicating significance. To me this meant that, when larning L1 instructor were utilizing sounds, images or other methods of communicating, this was besides the same when larning L2, nevertheless, although both methods of acquisition was same. I had jobs larning L1 compared to L2. The deceptive nature of BICS can take to instructors doing errors where the instructors would overrate kids ‘s ability in literacy development. Where as in some instance it can be accurate and instructors would happen that they do non hold clip to assist or non adequate resources as there are 30 kids in a schoolroom and can non assist the all. In development to BICS, there was the content embedded and content reduced. Which was design by Cummins 1983, this method was design to assist kids with their cognitive thought. A context-embedded undertaking is one in which the pupil has entree to a scope of extra ocular and unwritten cues ; for illustration he can look at illustrations of what is being talked about or inquire inquiries to corroborate apprehension. A context-reduced undertaking is one such as listening to a talk or reading dense text, where there are no other beginnings of aid than the linguistic communication itself. The threshold theory was developed by Cummins et al 1979 explains that this theory is predicated on the premiss that bilingualism confers cognitive benefits. It ‘s suggested that the bilingual proficiency must be reasonably high before cognitive benefits accrue to the persons. This is partially related to me because it explains that if my L1 is less developed the L2 is besides affect. In my instance this was true. In larning both linguistic communications at the same clip, it was confounding me that I did non cognize which manner to travel and sometimes when it came to larning I found that my authorship accomplishment were weaker compared to my reading accomplishments. Which gave a disadvantage as it made me experience less intelligent compared to other kids around me. One ground why I could hold underachieved in developing could be that I may non hold could be the insufficiently developed in both of the linguistic communications, nevertheless, one ground could be that because I had to self Teach L1, as my parents L1 was their native linguistic communication and English was L2 to them so it was bit difficult for them to learn as they were larning themselves every bit good. Code commixture and Code Switching, are a good known factor in footings of a bilingual individual. Code -switching is the commixture of words, phrases and sentences from two distinguishable grammatical ( sub ) systems across sentence boundaries within the same address event, code-mixing is the embedding of assorted lingual units such as affixes ( bound morphemes ) , words ( unbound morphemes ) , phrases and clauses from a co-operative activity where the participants, in order to deduce what is intended, must accommodate what they hear with what they understand. It meant that when I was talking, I kept blending my linguistic communications together, for illustration I would get down to speak in L1 and complete in L2. At school if I knew person that could talk the same linguistic communication as me, it felt particular and felt like we were talking in codifications that me and my friends would cognize merely. In decision, I have notice that larning linguistic communications is a complex thing, if you do non look after it you can lose that ability and can even bury about it. To understand linguistic communications and how they help we have to travel back to its beginnings like roll and Lambert who were a great influence on linguistic communications. Because of them other theoretician such as Cummins ‘s happening aid to understand how to assist kids. But what needs to be considered is that there could be negative impact every bit good as there were jobs with some of the determination such as societal category or societal political were non considered, and most of the determination were centre through in-between category kids. Besides in schools teacher now understand that kids larning L1 is non to be treated as particular demands as it is a different categorization besides teachers must understand that in add-on to being bilingual, kids must non merely go on to develop their first lin guistic communication and non subtractive their L2 as it besides undermines their cognitive thought. At the start of the essay I have said that I can talk three or more linguistic communication, which it true but can merely talking Hindi, and understanding Urdu and Punjabi be classified as person being monolingual. What about my GCSE French, where I learnt how to read and compose and talk, but due to non utilizing that linguistic communication I have forgotten it, can I could that as a linguistic communication learnt. So being bilingual is non clearly defined as it could intend anything. Yet people have frequently said that if you can talk a linguistic communication means that you have learnt a linguistic communication. Peoples have frequently said that larning a linguistic communication is difficult and if you do non look after, you may lose that accomplishment, which in my instance was true, because I had non look after my linguistic communication I have forgotten most of the ling uistic communication. Referee hypertext transfer protocol: //esl.fis.edu/teachers/support/cummin.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol15num1/ayeomoni.pdf

Blue Collar vs. White Collar Work - 1420 Words

Throughout history the lives of the people in the working class have not always been easy. People always work hard to earn money and support their families; however, people don’t always work in a suitable working area. The term â€Å"Blue Collar† is jobs that require manual labor from people. The problem with these kinds of jobs is that the places the people work in can be extremely unsanitary and may cause a bad working environment for the people in it. Blue collar work is also the work most people do not want to do but it is needed for the people who do white collar jobs to prosper. Also blue collar workers are known as people who did not do well in school or people that aren’t smart. Well that is not the case with these workers because†¦show more content†¦The treatment of workers is a growing issue and it’s going to keep on growing and growing if people don’t realize what these big companies are doing and put a stop to it. For example the shoe company Nike employs many people but the thing people don’t know is that there are 12,000 young women in Indonesia making the lowest amount of money and working long tiring shifts. Every $80 sneaker Nike makes it only costs them 12 cents for the labor. This shows the unfair treatment of these workers and how the company is taking advantage of them and it is not only Nike doing this but any major company uses the same force of labor. In â€Å"Who Makes the Clothes We Wear?† it says â€Å"Government officials raided a sweatshop filled with immigrant Thai women laboring as little as 59 cents per hour.†Also not only were they being taken advantage of the discipline was enforced by threats of rape and beatings.(26) This goes to show the little care they have for these workers and the actions that are being taken against them. It also shows a dark side to these companies in which the workers are being treated worst than dogs. In the article â€Å"Reapers† by Jean Toomer it says that â€Å"Black horses drive a mower through the weeds and there, a field rat, startled, squealing bleeds, HisShow MoreRelatedExplain the Differences Between Criminologists, Criminalists, and Forensic Psychologists and What Is the Difference in Their Disciplines of Expertise.1550 Words   |  7 Pageswill explain the differences between Criminologists, Criminalists, and Forensic psychologists and what is the difference in their disciplines of expertise. As well as looking at blue collar crime vs. white collar crime, how they are reported and measured by the FBI in their uniformed crime reporting. Also how blue collar crime is much more popular culture by the media. And finally the difference between a index- one and index- two crime under the UCR, as well as which index-one crimes are violentRead MoreThe Social Climate Of White And Blue Collar1273 Words   |  6 Pagesdemand for. 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